Methylene blue can accept electrons from NADH and donate them to cytochrome c, bypassing complexes I–III when they are impaired. This has been studied in models of neurodegeneration, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cognitive aging.
Key Citations
Key Citations
- Atamna et al. (2008), FASEB J.
- Rojas et al. (2012), Prog. Neurobiol.
- Tucker et al. (2018), Radiology
See our CZTL Methylene Blue review for a verified pharmaceutical-grade source.


